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Udmurt | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Uralic | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 340,000 | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Finno-Ugric language with agglutinative grammar, vowel harmony, and postpositional structures, spoken primarily in the Udmurt Republic in Russia | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Russia (Udmurt Republic and surrounding areas) | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Cyrillic script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, it has around 15 cases, including nominative, accusative, genitive, and several locative cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Uralic, with influences from Tatar, Russian, and other neighboring languages | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | Primarily from Russian, Tatar, and some Turkic languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes Northern Udmurt, Southern Udmurt, and several transitional dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | А, Б, В, Г, Д, Е, Ё, Ж, З, И, Й, К, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ъ, Ы, Ь, Э, Ю, Я, Ӝ, Ӟ | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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