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Tumbuka | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Niger-Congo | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 2 million | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | A Bantu language spoken in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania, known for its noun class system and tonal nature, which affects meaning | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Latin script | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | Yes, tone is used to distinguish word meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses noun classes and affixes for grammatical relations | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Proto-Bantu, with historical links to other Bantu languages in the region | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From English, Swahili, and neighboring Bantu languages | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes dialects such as Henga, Kamanga, and other minor regional variations | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
Yes, this text translation from Tumbuka to Madurese is completely free
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