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Tongan | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Polynesian | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 187,000 | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Polynesian language with VSO (verb-subject-object) word order, characterized by its limited phonemic inventory and lack of consonant clusters; spoken mainly in Tonga | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Tonga, with communities in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses word order and particles for grammatical relationships | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Polynesian | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From English, Samoan, and other Polynesian languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Primarily homogeneous, though some regional variation exists in informal speech across Tonga’s islands | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, S, T, U, V | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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