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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Tongan | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Austronesian, Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 187,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Polynesian language with VSO (verb-subject-object) word order, characterized by its limited phonemic inventory and lack of consonant clusters; spoken mainly in Tonga |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Tonga, with communities in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses word order and particles for grammatical relationships |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From English, Samoan, and other Polynesian languages |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Primarily homogeneous, though some regional variation exists in informal speech across Tonga’s islands |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, S, T, U, V |
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