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Tongan | Bengali | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Polynesian | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 187,000 | Approximately 230 million native speakers, 37 million second-language speakers |
Features | A Polynesian language with VSO (verb-subject-object) word order, characterized by its limited phonemic inventory and lack of consonant clusters; spoken mainly in Tonga | Known for its rich literary heritage, poetic structure, and phonetic spelling; the second most spoken language in India and the official language of Bangladesh |
Countries | Tonga, with communities in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States | Bangladesh (official), India (official in West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam), diaspora communities worldwide |
Writing System | Latin script | Bengali script (a Brahmic script) |
Tonal | No | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses word order and particles for grammatical relationships | Yes, nominative, accusative, and genitive; uses postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Polynesian | Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit |
Loanwords | From English, Samoan, and other Polynesian languages | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, and English |
Dialects | Primarily homogeneous, though some regional variation exists in informal speech across Tonga’s islands | Standard Bengali (Calcutta), Rangpuri, Sylheti, Chittagonian, and others, with significant phonological and lexical differences |
Alphabets | A, E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, S, T, U, V | অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ, চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ, ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ, ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন, প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম, য, র, ল, শ, ষ, স, হ, ড়, ঢ়, য়, ক্ষ, জ্ঞ |
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