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Silesian | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, West Slavic | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 5 million | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A West Slavic language with strong lexical and phonological influences from Polish, Czech, and German; considered a distinct language by some and a dialect of Polish by others | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Poland (primarily Upper Silesia), Czech Republic, Germany, and Silesian-speaking diaspora | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, follows the Slavic system of cases (7 cases) | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Old Polish and Proto-Slavic, with heavy influences from German due to historical ties | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From German, Czech, and Polish | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes Cieszyn Silesian, Opole Silesian, and Upper Silesian, with regional variations influenced by neighboring languages | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P, R, S, Ś, T, U, W, Y, Z, Ź, Ż | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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