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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Silesian | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, West Slavic |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 5 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A West Slavic language with strong lexical and phonological influences from Polish, Czech, and German; considered a distinct language by some and a dialect of Polish by others |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Poland (primarily Upper Silesia), Czech Republic, Germany, and Silesian-speaking diaspora |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, follows the Slavic system of cases (7 cases) |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Old Polish and Proto-Slavic, with heavy influences from German due to historical ties |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From German, Czech, and Polish |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Cieszyn Silesian, Opole Silesian, and Upper Silesian, with regional variations influenced by neighboring languages |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P, R, S, Ś, T, U, W, Y, Z, Ź, Ż |
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