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Santali Ol Chiki | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austroasiatic, Munda | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 7.6 million | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | An Austroasiatic language with a rich oral tradition, extensive use of affixes, and three main lexical tones; Ol Chiki is the unique script created for Santali | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam), Bangladesh, and Nepal | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Ol Chiki script (invented in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu) | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | Yes, has three tones (high, mid, low) | No |
Grammatical Cases | No strict cases, uses postpositions | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Proto-Munda | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Bengali, Hindi, and English | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes Northern Santali, Eastern Santali, and Southern Santali, with variations in phonology and vocabulary | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | ᱚ, ᱛ, ᱜ, ᱝ, ᱞ, ᱟ, ᱠ, ᱡ, ᱢ, ᱣ, ᱤ, ᱥ, ᱦ, ᱧ, ᱨ, ᱩ, ᱪ, ᱫ, ᱬ, ᱭ, ᱮ, ᱯ, ᱰ, ᱱ, ᱲ, ᱳ, ᱴ, ᱵ, ᱶ, ᱷ | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
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