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Madurese | Santali Ol Chiki | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Austroasiatic, Munda |
Speakers | Approximately 13.5 million | Approximately 7.6 million |
Features | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. | An Austroasiatic language with a rich oral tradition, extensive use of affixes, and three main lexical tones; Ol Chiki is the unique script created for Santali |
Countries | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) | India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam), Bangladesh, and Nepal |
Writing System | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) | Ol Chiki script (invented in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu) |
Tonal | No | Yes, has three tones (high, mid, low) |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships | No strict cases, uses postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | Proto-Munda |
Loanwords | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch | From Bengali, Hindi, and English |
Dialects | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences | Includes Northern Santali, Eastern Santali, and Southern Santali, with variations in phonology and vocabulary |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z | ᱚ, ᱛ, ᱜ, ᱝ, ᱞ, ᱟ, ᱠ, ᱡ, ᱢ, ᱣ, ᱤ, ᱥ, ᱦ, ᱧ, ᱨ, ᱩ, ᱪ, ᱫ, ᱬ, ᱭ, ᱮ, ᱯ, ᱰ, ᱱ, ᱲ, ᱳ, ᱴ, ᱵ, ᱶ, ᱷ |
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