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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Nepalbhasa Newari | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 800,000–1,000,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | Rich literary tradition, distinct tonal patterns, and complex verbal morphology; features classifiers and honorific forms |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Nepal (primarily in the Kathmandu Valley), with smaller communities in India, Bhutan, and Tibet |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Ranjana script (historically), Prachalit script, and Devanagari (modern use) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Partially tonal |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, uses nominative, genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative cases |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Old Newari (Classical Nepalbhasa) |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Pali, Nepali, and Tibetan |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur (Patan), Bhaktapur, and Dolakha dialects, among others, with Kathmandu Newari considered the standard dialect |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह (Devanagari script) |
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