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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Mam | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Mayan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 500,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | Agglutinative language with a complex system of prefixes and suffixes, ergative-absolutive alignment, and glottalized consonants. |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Guatemala (primarily in the western highlands, including Huehuetenango, San Marcos, and Quetzaltenango), and parts of Mexico |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No, but uses glottalization and vowel length to differentiate meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, relies on word order and affixes for grammatical relationships |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Mayan |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Spanish |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Northern Mam, Southern Mam, and Western Mam, with significant regional variation |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, C, CH, E, I, J, K, K', L, M, N, O, P, Q, Q', R, S, T, T', TX, TX', U, W, X, Y' |
Yes, this text translation from Punjabi Shahmukhi to Mam is completely free
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