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Mam | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Mayan | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 500,000 | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | Agglutinative language with a complex system of prefixes and suffixes, ergative-absolutive alignment, and glottalized consonants. | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Guatemala (primarily in the western highlands, including Huehuetenango, San Marcos, and Quetzaltenango), and parts of Mexico | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No, but uses glottalization and vowel length to differentiate meaning | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and affixes for grammatical relationships | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Mayan | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Spanish | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes Northern Mam, Southern Mam, and Western Mam, with significant regional variation | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, C, CH, E, I, J, K, K', L, M, N, O, P, Q, Q', R, S, T, T', TX, TX', U, W, X, Y' | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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