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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Lombard | |
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Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Romance |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 4 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Gallo-Italic language with significant lexical, phonological, and grammatical differences from Standard Italian, known for its rich oral tradition |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Italy (primarily in Lombardy), with small communities in Switzerland (Ticino and Grisons) |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses prepositions and word order instead |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Vulgar Latin, with influences from Celtic and Germanic languages |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Latin, French, German, and Standard Italian |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Western Lombard (spoken in Milan and surrounding areas) and Eastern Lombard (spoken in Bergamo, Brescia, and neighboring regions), with notable lexical and phonetic differences |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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