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Lombard | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Romance | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 4 million | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Gallo-Italic language with significant lexical, phonological, and grammatical differences from Standard Italian, known for its rich oral tradition | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Italy (primarily in Lombardy), with small communities in Switzerland (Ticino and Grisons) | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and word order instead | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Vulgar Latin, with influences from Celtic and Germanic languages | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Latin, French, German, and Standard Italian | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes Western Lombard (spoken in Milan and surrounding areas) and Eastern Lombard (spoken in Bergamo, Brescia, and neighboring regions), with notable lexical and phonetic differences | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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