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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Latgalian | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Baltic |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 165,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Baltic language variety closely related to Latvian but with distinct phonological, grammatical, and lexical features; recognized as a historical language in Latvia. |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Latvia (primarily in the Latgale region), with smaller communities in Lithuania and emigrant populations worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No, but retains pitch accents from Proto-Baltic |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, retains the full Indo-European system of 7 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Baltic |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Russian, Polish, and Latvian |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes High Latgalian and Low Latgalian, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, Ā, B, C, Č, D, E, Ē, F, G, Ģ, H, I, Ī, J, K, Ķ, L, Ļ, M, N, Ņ, O, P, R, S, Š, T, U, Ū, V, Z, Ž |
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