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Latgalian | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Baltic | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 165,000 | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Baltic language variety closely related to Latvian but with distinct phonological, grammatical, and lexical features; recognized as a historical language in Latvia. | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Latvia (primarily in the Latgale region), with smaller communities in Lithuania and emigrant populations worldwide | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No, but retains pitch accents from Proto-Baltic | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, retains the full Indo-European system of 7 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Baltic | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Russian, Polish, and Latvian | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes High Latgalian and Low Latgalian, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, Ā, B, C, Č, D, E, Ē, F, G, Ģ, H, I, Ī, J, K, Ķ, L, Ļ, M, N, Ņ, O, P, R, S, Š, T, U, Ū, V, Z, Ž | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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