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Hindi | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 600 million (native and second-language speakers) | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | An Indo-Aryan language widely spoken across northern India and recognized as an official language of India; known for its complex verbal conjugation system, postpositions, and gendered nouns | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | India, with communities in Nepal, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and diaspora communities worldwide | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Devanagari script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, Hindi has direct and oblique cases with postpositions used for additional cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Sanskrit, through Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, English, and regional languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, and several other regional variations; Modern Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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