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Xhosa | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Niger-Congo, Bantu | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 19 million | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Bantu language with distinctive click sounds, tonal qualities, and an extensive noun class system; known for its complex phonetics and agglutinative structure | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | South Africa and Zimbabwe | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | Yes, tones play a role in distinguishing meaning | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on noun classes and word order instead | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Bantu | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Afrikaans, English, and neighboring Bantu languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes various regional dialects, such as Mpondo, Gcaleka, Thembu, and Bomvana, with slight variations in pronunciation and vocabulary | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, BH, C, CH, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, KH, L, M, N, NC, ND, NG, NX, NY, O, P, PH, Q, QH, R, S, SH, T, TH, TS, TSH, U, V, W, X, Y, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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