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Tiv | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Niger-Congo, Benue-Congo | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 5.2 million | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A tonal language with distinct pitch variations to indicate different meanings; spoken primarily in central Nigeria | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Nigeria, especially in the Benue, Nasarawa, and Taraba states | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | Yes, with three main tones: high, mid, and low | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses word order and particles to indicate relationships | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Benue-Congo language family | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From English and Hausa | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Relatively homogeneous with minor regional variations, primarily in pronunciation and vocabulary | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, GB, H, I, J, K, KW, L, M, MB, N, NG, NY, O, P, R, S, SH, T, TS, U, V, W, Y, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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