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Tibetan | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Sino-Tibetan | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 6 million | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | A tonal language with a rich literary tradition dating back to the 7th century, known for its complex orthography and classical literature; primarily spoken in the Tibetan Plateau region | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | China (Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, and India (Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh) | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Tibetan script | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | Yes, tones differentiate meanings in most dialects | No |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, includes cases marked by particles or suffixes | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Old Tibetan, influenced by Sanskrit for religious and literary purposes | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Sanskrit, Chinese, and Mongolian | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes Central Tibetan (Standard), Amdo, Kham, and Ladakhi dialects, with significant differences in phonology and vocabulary | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | ཀ, ཁ, ག, ང, ཅ, ཆ, ཇ, ཉ, ཏ, ཐ, ད, ན, པ, ཕ, བ, མ, ཙ, ཚ, ཛ, ཝ, ཞ, ཟ, འ, ཡ, ར, ལ, ཤ, ས, ཧ, ཨ | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
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