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Tetum | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Around 800,000 speakers (including second-language speakers) | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | An Austronesian language with significant Portuguese influence, serving as one of the two official languages of Timor-Leste; simple grammar and shared vocabulary with Indonesian/Malay | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Timor-Leste and Indonesia. | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and prepositions | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Austronesian, with heavy Portuguese lexical influence | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Portuguese, Malay/Indonesian, and Arabic | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes Tetun Dili (urban variety with heavy Portuguese influence) and Tetun Terik (more traditional and rural variety) | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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