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Santali Ol Chiki | Ndau | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austroasiatic, Munda | Niger-Congo, Bantu |
Speakers | Approximately 7.6 million | Approximately 2.4 million |
Features | An Austroasiatic language with a rich oral tradition, extensive use of affixes, and three main lexical tones; Ol Chiki is the unique script created for Santali | A tonal Bantu language with noun class systems, complex verb morphology, and unique phonological features |
Countries | India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam), Bangladesh, and Nepal | Mozambique (primarily in the central region, especially Manica and Sofala provinces) and Zimbabwe (southeastern regions) |
Writing System | Ol Chiki script (invented in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, has three tones (high, mid, low) | Yes, tones distinguish meaning in words |
Grammatical Cases | No strict cases, uses postpositions | No, uses noun class prefixes and word order |
Derived From | Proto-Munda | Proto-Bantu |
Loanwords | From Bengali, Hindi, and English | From Portuguese, Shona, and English |
Dialects | Includes Northern Santali, Eastern Santali, and Southern Santali, with variations in phonology and vocabulary | Includes regional variations influenced by neighboring Shona and other local languages |
Alphabets | ᱚ, ᱛ, ᱜ, ᱝ, ᱞ, ᱟ, ᱠ, ᱡ, ᱢ, ᱣ, ᱤ, ᱥ, ᱦ, ᱧ, ᱨ, ᱩ, ᱪ, ᱫ, ᱬ, ᱭ, ᱮ, ᱯ, ᱰ, ᱱ, ᱲ, ᱳ, ᱴ, ᱵ, ᱶ, ᱷ | A, B, BH, C, CH, D, DH, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, NH, O, P, Q, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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