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Santali Ol Chiki | Dinka | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austroasiatic, Munda | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic |
Speakers | Approximately 7.6 million | Approximately 4 million |
Features | An Austroasiatic language with a rich oral tradition, extensive use of affixes, and three main lexical tones; Ol Chiki is the unique script created for Santali | A tonal language with complex vowel systems and distinctive pitch variations; features extensive use of tones and vowel length to differentiate meaning. |
Countries | India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam), Bangladesh, and Nepal | South Sudan (primarily), with smaller communities in Sudan, Uganda, and diaspora populations worldwide |
Writing System | Ol Chiki script (invented in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, has three tones (high, mid, low) | Yes, tones are critical for distinguishing meanings |
Grammatical Cases | No strict cases, uses postpositions | No, relies on word order and tone |
Derived From | Proto-Munda | Proto-Eastern Sudanic |
Loanwords | From Bengali, Hindi, and English | From Arabic and neighboring languages |
Dialects | Includes Northern Santali, Eastern Santali, and Southern Santali, with variations in phonology and vocabulary | Includes several major dialects: Rek, Agaar, Bor, Twic, and Malual, with significant phonological and lexical variations. |
Alphabets | ᱚ, ᱛ, ᱜ, ᱝ, ᱞ, ᱟ, ᱠ, ᱡ, ᱢ, ᱣ, ᱤ, ᱥ, ᱦ, ᱧ, ᱨ, ᱩ, ᱪ, ᱫ, ᱬ, ᱭ, ᱮ, ᱯ, ᱰ, ᱱ, ᱲ, ᱳ, ᱴ, ᱵ, ᱶ, ᱷ | A, Ä, B, C, D, DH, E, Ë, F, G, H, I, Ï, J, K, L, M, N, NG, NY, O, Ö, P, R, S, T, TH, U, W, Y |
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