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Rundi | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Niger-Congo, Bantu | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 12 million | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | Highly tonal language with complex noun class systems and verb morphology | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | Burundi (official language), also spoken in parts of Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Latin script | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions affect meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses noun class prefixes instead | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Proto-Bantu | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Swahili, French, and other regional languages | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes Kirundi (standardized form), Hutu, and Tutsi dialects, with minor variations | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
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