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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Tuvan | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Turkic |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 280,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Turkic language known for its vowel harmony, agglutinative structure, and complex phonemic inventory that includes throat singing (khoomei) |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Russia (primarily in the Republic of Tuva), with some speakers in Mongolia and China |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Cyrillic script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, Tuvan has an elaborate system of cases, including nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative, and instrumental |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Common Turkic, with influences from Mongolic and Russian |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Russian and Mongolic languages |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Central Tuvan, Western Tuvan (Tsengel Tuvan), Southeastern Tuvan, and Todzhin Tuvan |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | А, Б, В, Г, Д, Е, Ё, Ж, З, И, Й, К, Л, М, Н, Ң, О, Ө, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ү, Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ш, Ы, Э, Ю, Я |
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