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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Tswana | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Niger-Congo, Bantu |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 8 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Bantu language known for its noun class system, tonal distinctions, and use of subject concord prefixes; widely spoken in southern Africa, particularly Botswana and South Africa |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, with tonal distinctions that differentiate meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, relies on noun classes and word order to indicate grammatical roles |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Bantu |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | Primarily from English and Afrikaans |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes several regional dialects, such as Serolong, Sengwaketse, Setlhaping, and Sekgatla, with variations in vocabulary and pronunciation |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, CH, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ô, P, PH, Q, R, S, Š, T, TH, TL, TLH, TSH, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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