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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Tok Pisin | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Creole, English-based |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 4 million fluent speakers (including second-language speakers) |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A widely spoken creole with simplified grammar and vocabulary influenced by English, local languages, and German; used as a lingua franca in Papua New Guinea |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Papua New Guinea |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses simple subject-verb-object order and particles to indicate tense and aspect |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | English, with influences from German, Malay, and various indigenous languages of Papua New Guinea |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | Primarily from English, with some influence from German and indigenous languages |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Relatively homogeneous, with some regional variations influenced by local languages across Papua New Guinea |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y |
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