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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Tibetan | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Sino-Tibetan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 6 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A tonal language with a rich literary tradition dating back to the 7th century, known for its complex orthography and classical literature; primarily spoken in the Tibetan Plateau region |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | China (Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, and India (Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh) |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Tibetan script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, tones differentiate meanings in most dialects |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, includes cases marked by particles or suffixes |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Old Tibetan, influenced by Sanskrit for religious and literary purposes |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Chinese, and Mongolian |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Central Tibetan (Standard), Amdo, Kham, and Ladakhi dialects, with significant differences in phonology and vocabulary |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ཀ, ཁ, ག, ང, ཅ, ཆ, ཇ, ཉ, ཏ, ཐ, ད, ན, པ, ཕ, བ, མ, ཙ, ཚ, ཛ, ཝ, ཞ, ཟ, འ, ཡ, ར, ལ, ཤ, ས, ཧ, ཨ |
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