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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Shan | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Tai-Kadai |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 3-4 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A tonal language closely related to Thai and Lao, known for its simpler grammar and extensive use of classifiers |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Myanmar (primarily in Shan State), with smaller communities in Thailand and China |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Shan script (derived from Burmese script) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, typically 5-6 tones depending on the dialect |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses word order and particles |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Tai |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Burmese, Pali, and Thai |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Tai Long, Tai Mao, and Tai Khuen, with variations in pronunciation and vocabulary |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ၵ, ၶ, င, ၸ, ၹ, ၺ, ၻ, ၼ, ၽ, ၾ, ၿ, ႀ, ႁ, ႂ, ႃ, ႄ, ႅ, ႆ, ႇ, ႈ, ႉ, ႊ, ၷ, ႋ |
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