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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Sami North | |
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Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Uralic, Sami |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 25,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | The most widely spoken Sami language, known for vowel harmony, consonant gradation, and a rich system of inflection |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Norway, Sweden, Finland |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script with additional characters |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, features 7 cases: nominative, genitive, accusative, locative, illative, comitative, and essive |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Sami |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Scandinavian languages (Norwegian, Swedish), Finnish, and Russian |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Western Northern Sami, Eastern Northern Sami, and Sea Sami, with phonological and lexical differences |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, Á, B, C, Č, D, Đ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ŋ, O, P, R, S, Š, T, Ŧ, U, V, Z, Ž |
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