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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Romanian | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Romance |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 24 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Romance language with significant influence from Slavic, Greek, Turkish, and Hungarian; retains Latin roots while having unique grammatical and phonetic characteristics |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Romania (official), Moldova (as Moldovan, official), and Romanian-speaking communities worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, includes nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and vocative |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Vulgar Latin, with influences from Dacian and other Balkan languages |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Slavic, Greek, Turkish, French, Italian, and German |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Daco-Romanian (standard), Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, Ă, Â, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ș, T, Ț, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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