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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Qeqchi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Mayan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 1.7 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | Agglutinative language with complex verb morphology, VOS (verb-object-subject) word order, and a rich system of classifiers |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Guatemala (primarily in Alta Verapaz and surrounding regions), Belize, and smaller communities in Mexico |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses ergative-absolutive alignment |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Mayan |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Spanish, reflecting historical contact |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes minor regional variations, but the language is relatively uniform compared to other Mayan languages |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, C, Ch, E, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, W, X, Y, Z, ' (glottal stop) |
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