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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Odia | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 38 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | Classical Indian language with a rich literary tradition, known for its highly phonetic nature and unique rounded script |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | India (primarily in Odisha, and in parts of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand) |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Odia script (a Brahmic script) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, follows the Indo-Aryan system of cases (7 cases) |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Eastern Magadhi Prakrit |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and English |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Standard Odia, Midnapori Odia, Baleswari Odia, Sambalpuri, and Desiya, with significant regional variations |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ଅ, ଆ, ଇ, ଈ, ଉ, ଊ, ଋ, ୠ, ଏ, ଐ, ଓ, ଔ, କ, ଖ, ଗ, ଘ, ଙ, ଚ, ଛ, ଜ, ଝ, ଞ, ଟ, ଠ, ଡ, ଢ, ଣ, ତ, ଥ, ଦ, ଧ, ନ, ପ, ଫ, ବ, ଭ, ମ, ଯ, ର, ଲ, ଶ, ଷ, ସ, ହ, ଳ, କ୍ଷ, ଜ୍ଞ |
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