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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Nuer | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Nilo-Saharan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 1.8 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Western Nilotic language, spoken by the Nuer people in South Sudan and parts of Ethiopia, known for its tonal system |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | South Sudan, Ethiopia |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, uses distinct tones (high, mid, low) to differentiate meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, but relies on word order and tone for grammatical relationships |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Part of the Western Nilotic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Arabic and English, especially for modern terms |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Jikany, Lou, and Gawaar, with variations in pronunciation and vocabulary |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, A̱, Ä, B, C, D, Dh, E, E̱, Ë, Ɛ, Ɛ̈, Ɛ̱̈, G, Ɣ, I, I̱, J, K, L, M, N, Nh, Ny, Ŋ, O, O̱, Ö, Ɔ, Ɔ̱, P, R, T, Th, U, W, Y |
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