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Punjabi Shahmukhi | NKo | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Mande |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Primarily used as a written language for various Mande languages, such as Maninka, Bambara, and Dyula |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A unifying script for Mande languages, written from right to left; designed to provide a standardized orthography for languages in the Mande family |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Guinea, Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, and neighboring West African countries |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | N’Ko script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, tones are marked with diacritical marks |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses word order and particles instead |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | Varies by Mande language, often from Arabic and French |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Used to transcribe multiple Mande languages, so there are no inherent dialects within N’Ko itself |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ߊ, ߋ, ߌ, ߍ, ߎ, ߏ, ߐ, ߑ, ߒ, ߓ, ߔ, ߕ, ߖ, ߗ, ߘ, ߙ, ߚ, ߛ, ߜ, ߝ, ߞ, ߟ, ߠ, ߡ, ߢ, ߣ, ߤ, ߥ, ߦ |
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