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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Nepali | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 16 million native speakers, 11 million second-language speakers |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | An Indo-Aryan language with a complex grammatical structure, significant Sanskrit influence, and use of honorifics; widely spoken in Nepal and among Nepali communities worldwide |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Nepal (official), India (recognized in Sikkim and Darjeeling), Bhutan, and Nepali-speaking diaspora worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Devanagari script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, uses postpositions and case markers |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Sanskrit, with influences from Tibetan and other regional languages |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, English, Hindi, and Tibetan |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Eastern Nepali, Western Nepali, Central Nepali, and regional variations influenced by local languages like Maithili, Bhojpuri, and Tamang |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ |
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