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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Ndau | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Niger-Congo, Bantu |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 2.4 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A tonal Bantu language with noun class systems, complex verb morphology, and unique phonological features |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Mozambique (primarily in the central region, especially Manica and Sofala provinces) and Zimbabwe (southeastern regions) |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, tones distinguish meaning in words |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses noun class prefixes and word order |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Bantu |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Portuguese, Shona, and English |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes regional variations influenced by neighboring Shona and other local languages |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, BH, C, CH, D, DH, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, NH, O, P, Q, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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