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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Marwadi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 8 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Rajasthani language spoken primarily by the Marwari community in the Indian state of Rajasthan and in neighboring states |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | India (predominantly in Rajasthan, also in Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab) |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Devanagari script, also written in the Mahajani script historically |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, retains complex case system similar to Sanskrit |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Part of the Western Indo-Aryan subgroup, closely related to Hindi and Gujarati |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and English |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Shekhawati, Mewari, Dhundhari, Harauti, Bagri, and others |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, च, छ, ज, झ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह |
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