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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Malayalam | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Dravidian |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 35 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Dravidian language known for its rich literary history, extensive use of agglutination, and a highly phonetic script that captures distinct sounds; spoken mainly in the southwestern state of Kerala in India |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | India (primarily in Kerala), with speakers in the UAE, Qatar, Oman, and among diaspora communities |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Malayalam script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, with multiple cases including nominative, accusative, dative, and instrumental |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Old Tamil, with influences from Sanskrit and Prakrit |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Tamil, English, and Arabic |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes several dialects such as Malabar Malayalam, Travancore Malayalam, and Central Kerala dialects, with variations in vocabulary and pronunciation |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | അ, ആ, ഇ, ഈ, ഉ, ഊ, ഋ, എ, ഏ, ഐ, ഒ, ഓ, ഔ, ക, ഖ, ഗ, ഘ, ങ, ച, ഛ, ജ, ഝ, ഞ, ട, ഠ, ഡ, ഢ, ണ, ത, ഥ, ദ, ധ, ന, പ, ഫ, ബ, ഭ, മ, യ, ര, ല, വ, ശ, ഷ, സ, ഹ, ള, ഴ, റ |
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