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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Makassar | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 2.1 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | Agglutinative language with extensive use of affixes to indicate grammatical relationships and meaning. |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Indonesia (primarily in South Sulawesi, especially in Makassar City and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script (modern use), Lontara script (traditional use) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses prepositions and affixes to indicate grammatical relationships |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Arabic, Portuguese, Malay, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes dialectal variations such as Turatea, Konjo, and Selayar |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, NG, NY, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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