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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Kannada | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Dravidian |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 44 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Dravidian language known for its rich literary tradition, distinct phonemic inventory, and agglutinative grammar structure; primarily spoken in the southwestern Indian state of Karnataka |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | India (primarily in Karnataka), with Kannada-speaking communities in the UAE, the United States, and other diaspora locations |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Kannada script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, Kannada has eight cases, including nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and instrumental |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Old Kannada, with historical roots in Proto-Dravidian |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Tamil, Marathi, and English |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes several regional dialects like Mysore Kannada, Dharwad Kannada, Havyaka, and Kundagannada, each with distinct vocabulary and pronunciation variations |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ಅ, ಆ, ಇ, ಈ, ಉ, ಊ, ಋ, ಎ, ಏ, ಐ, ಒ, ಓ, ಔ, ಕ, ಖ, ಗ, ಘ, ಙ, ಚ, ಛ, ಜ, ಝ, ಞ, ಟ, ಠ, ಡ, ಢ, ಣ, ತ, ಥ, ದ, ಧ, ನ, ಪ, ಫ, ಬ, ಭ, ಮ, ಯ, ರ, ಲ, ವ, ಶ, ಷ, ಸ, ಹ, ಳ, ಕ್ಷ, ಜ್ಞ |
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