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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Ga | |
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Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Niger-Congo |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 1.5 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Kwa language known for its tonal nature and vowel harmony, spoken primarily by the Ga people in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Ghana |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, tones are used to distinguish meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, but uses particles and word order to express grammatical relationships |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Part of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From English, Akan, and Ewe |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes several minor dialects, with the standard form spoken in Accra |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, D, E, Ɛ, F, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ŋ, O, Ɔ, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z |
Yes, this text translation from Punjabi Shahmukhi to Ga is completely free
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