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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Dzongkha | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Sino-Tibetan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 640,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | The national language of Bhutan, used in official communication and education |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Bhutan |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Tibetan script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, uses a system of nominative-accusative and ergative markers |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Classical Tibetan, shares many linguistic features with other Tibetan dialects |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Tibetan, and English |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Western Dzongkha, Eastern Dzongkha, Southern Dzongkha, and Central Dzongkha |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ཀ, ཁ, ག, ང, ཅ, ཆ, ཇ, ཉ, ཏ, ཐ, ད, ན, པ, ཕ, བ, མ, ཙ, ཚ, ཛ, ཝ, ཞ, ཟ, འ, ཡ, ར, ལ, ཤ, ས, ཧ, ཨ |
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