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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Crimean Tatar | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Turkic, Kipchak |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 500,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Turkic language with influences from Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Persian, and Russian; it is agglutinative, with vowel harmony and a rich history as a cultural and literary language. |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Ukraine (primarily in Crimea), Turkey, Uzbekistan, Romania, and diaspora communities worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Latin script (modern use), Cyrillic script (historical and some current use), Arabic script (historical use) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, uses six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and ablative |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Turkic |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Russian, and Ukrainian |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Northern (Nogay influence), Southern (coastal), and Central (standard) dialects, with variations in pronunciation and vocabulary. |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | A, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, Y, Z |
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