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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Chinese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Sino-Tibetan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Over 1.4 billion (including all varieties) |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A tonal language with logographic writing, featuring complex characters and a rich history; includes numerous dialects, with Mandarin being the standard form |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | China (official), Taiwan (official), Singapore (official), and Chinese-speaking communities worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Chinese characters (Hanzi), Simplified and Traditional scripts |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | Yes, tones differ by dialect (e.g., 4 in Mandarin, 6+ in Cantonese) |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses word order and particles |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Classical Chinese, with roots in Old Chinese and Middle Chinese |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, English, and other neighboring languages |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Mandarin (official standard), Cantonese, Shanghainese, Hakka, Min, Wu, and others, with significant variations in pronunciation and vocabulary |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | No alphabet, but characters represent words or morphemes; examples include 一 (one), 人 (person), 山 (mountain), 水 (water) |
Yes, this text translation from Punjabi Shahmukhi to Chinese is completely free
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