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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Chechen | |
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Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Northeast Caucasian, Nakh |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 1.8 million |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | An agglutinative language with complex consonant clusters, rich case morphology, and extensive use of vowel harmony; Chechen is closely related to Ingush. |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Russia (primarily in the Chechen Republic), and Chechen diaspora communities worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Cyrillic script (modern), Latin and Arabic scripts (historical use) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, features up to 8 grammatical cases, including nominative, ergative, and dative |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Arabic, Persian, Russian, and Turkish |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Plains Chechen (literary standard) and Mountain Chechen, with phonological and lexical differences. |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | А, Б, В, Г, ГІ, Д, Е, Ё, Ж, З, И, Й, К, Кх, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, ХІ, Ц, Ч, ЧІ, Ш, Ы, Э, Ю, Я |
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