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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Bengali | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 230 million native speakers, 37 million second-language speakers |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | Known for its rich literary heritage, poetic structure, and phonetic spelling; the second most spoken language in India and the official language of Bangladesh |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Bangladesh (official), India (official in West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam), diaspora communities worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Bengali script (a Brahmic script) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, nominative, accusative, and genitive; uses postpositions |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, and English |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Standard Bengali (Calcutta), Rangpuri, Sylheti, Chittagonian, and others, with significant phonological and lexical differences |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ, চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ, ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ, ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন, প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম, য, র, ল, শ, ষ, স, হ, ড়, ঢ়, য়, ক্ষ, জ্ঞ |
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