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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Arabic | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 313 million native speakers; over 420 million including second-language speakers |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Semitic language known for its root-based morphology, rich literary tradition, and diglossia (Modern Standard Arabic for formal contexts and regional dialects for daily use) |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Widely spoken across the Middle East and North Africa, including countries like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Algeria, Morocco, and others; also used in Islamic contexts worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Arabic script |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic; marked by case endings |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Classical Arabic, with influences from Aramaic and other Semitic languages |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Persian, Greek, Turkish, French, English, and others |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Egyptian, Levantine, Gulf, Maghrebi, Sudanese, and Yemeni, with significant phonological and lexical differences among them |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ا, ب, ت, ث, ج, ح, خ, د, ذ, ر, ز, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ك, ل, م, ن, ه, و, ي |
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