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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Abkhaz | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Northwest Caucasian |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 190,000 |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | Known for its rich consonant inventory and the use of both ejective and voiced pharyngeal consonants |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Abkhazia, a region in northwestern Georgia, and a small number of speakers in Turkey |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Cyrillic script primarily, formerly used Georgian and Latin scripts |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | Yes, rich in cases with more than 50 different forms |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Part of the Northwest Caucasian language family |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Russian, Georgian, and Turkish |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Abzhui, Bzyb, and Sadz |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | А, Б, В, Г, Ҕ, Д, Е, Ж, Ӡ, З, И, Й, К, Ҟ, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, Ҳ, Ц, Ҵ, Ч, Ҷ, Ш, Щ, Ы, Э, Ю, Я |
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