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Madurese | Xhosa | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Niger-Congo, Bantu |
Speakers | Approximately 13.5 million | Approximately 19 million |
Features | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. | A Bantu language with distinctive click sounds, tonal qualities, and an extensive noun class system; known for its complex phonetics and agglutinative structure |
Countries | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) | South Africa and Zimbabwe |
Writing System | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) | Latin script |
Tonal | No | Yes, tones play a role in distinguishing meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships | No, relies on noun classes and word order instead |
Derived From | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | Proto-Bantu |
Loanwords | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch | From Afrikaans, English, and neighboring Bantu languages |
Dialects | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences | Includes various regional dialects, such as Mpondo, Gcaleka, Thembu, and Bomvana, with slight variations in pronunciation and vocabulary |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z | A, B, BH, C, CH, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, KH, L, M, N, NC, ND, NG, NX, NY, O, P, PH, Q, QH, R, S, SH, T, TH, TS, TSH, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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